Pharma QC Guide

The analytical worksheet is an internal document to be used by the analyst for recording information about the sample, the test procedure, calculations and the results of testing. It is to be complemented by the raw data obtained in the analysis. Purpose The analytical worksheet contains documentary evidence either: To confirm that the sample being examined is in accordance with the requirements. To support an OOS result. Use A separate analytical worksheet should usually be used for each numbered sample or group of samples. Analytical worksheets from different units relating to the same sample should be assembled together. Content The analytical worksheet should provide the following information:  The registration number of the sample. Page numbering, including the total number of pages (and including annexes) The date of the test request. The date on which the analysis was started and completed The name and signature of the analyst A description of th

The resolution is represented as a numeric value, such as 0.8, 1.0, or 3.0. But what is the relationship between the number representing the resolution and the actual peak separation?  At a resolution of 1.0, if the two peaks are assumed to have a Gaussian distribution and have the same peak height and peak width, then the difference in retention time from equation  become 1.0W, or 1.0 × 4σ = 4 σ.  In the case of a Gaussian distribution, 4 σ encompasses 95.4 %, such that the peaks overlap by 2.3 % ((100 % - 95.4 %)/2).  This indicates that 2.3 % of the peak intrudes into the other peak from a perpendicular line drawn in the trough.  Similarly, a resolution of 1.5 indicates a difference in retention time of 1.5× 4σ = 6σ, which corresponds to an overlap of 0.15 % ((100 % - 99.7 %)/2).

The resolution is the separation of two components in a mixture, calculated by: Resolution = 2 × (tR2 − tR1)/(W1 + W2)  where tR2 and tR1 are the retention times of the two components; and W2 and W1 are the corresponding widths at the bases of the peaks obtained by extrapolating the relatively straight sides of the peaks to the baseline.  Where electronic integrators are used, it may be convenient to determine  the resolution, by the equation:  Resolution = 1.18 × (tR2 − tR1)/(W1,h/2 + W2,h/2) What relation Resolution and Peak seperations?

Relative retention time (RRT) is the ratio of the retention time of analyte peak relative to that of another used as a reference obtained under identical conditions. RRT = (T analyte / T reference)  Wher T = Retention time As per USP Relative retention time (RRT): Also known as the “unadjusted relative retention”. Comparisons in USP–NF are normally made in terms of unadjusted relative retention, unless otherwise indicated. RRT = tR2/tR1 The symbol rG is also used to designate unadjusted relative retention values. The use of the relative retention time (RRT) reduces the effects of some of the variables that can affect the retention time. What is Retention time?

Retention time (RT) is a measure of the time taken for a solute to pass through a chromatography column. Retention time (RT) is calculated as the time from injection to detection. The RT for a compound is not fixed as many factors can influence it even if the same instrument and column are used.  These include: The flow rate Temperature differences in the oven and column Column degradation Column length What is RRT?

A chromatogram is the visual output of the chromatograph.  A graphical representation of the detector response, concentration of analyte in the effluent, or other quantity use as a measure of effluent concentration versus effluent volume or time.  In planar chromatography, chromatogram may refer to the paper or layer with the separated zones. In the case of an optimal separation, different peaks or patterns on the chromatogram correspond to different components of the separated mixture. Plotted on the x-axis is the retention time and plotted on the y-axis a signal (for example obtained by a spectrophotometer, mass spectrometer or a variety of other detectors) corresponding to the response created by the analytes exiting the system. In the case of an optimal system the signal is proportional to the concentration of the specific analyte separated. What is retention time?